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Natufian Culture

Dating

Radiocarbon dating places this culture just before the end of the Pleistocene, the period from 12,500 to 9,500 before of Christ.

The period is usually divided into two sub-periods: Early Natufian (12,50010,800 BC) and Late Natufian (10.8009500 BC). The final Natufian most likely occurred in conjunction with the Younger Dryas (10,800 to 9500 BC). In the Levant, there are over a hundred types of cereals, fruits, nuts and other parts edible plants and the flora of the Levant during the Natufian period was not the dry landscape, arid and thorny today, but parks and forests.

Precursors and cultures associated

The Natufian developed in the same region as the previous Kebaran complex, and is generally seen as a successor to be developed from at least some elements within the previous culture. There were other cultures in the region, such as culture Mushabian Negev and Sinai, which sometimes differs from Kebaran, and sometimes is considered to have played a role in the development of the Natufian.

More generally, there has been discussion of the similarities these cultures with those found in Mediterranean Africa. Graeme Barker notes that "the similarities in the respective archaeological record of the Natufian culture the Levant and contemporary hunter-gatherers in the North African coast in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene boundary. "

Ofer Bar-Yosef, has held that evidence of influences from Africa in the Levant, citing technical and icrolithic microburin forms as flakes back arched and La] Mouillah points.5 It has also been evidence that parthenocarpic figs were brought by humans from the direction of Sudan in this period.

Authors such as Christopher Ehret been built on the limited evidence available scenario development intensive build plants for the first time in Africa, and was a precursor to the development of some agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, but the suggestions are considered speculative until more African archaeological evidence can be gathered.

Settlements

Settlements occur in the forest belt where oak and Pistacia species dominated. The understory of this forest was open grass with high frequencies. The high mountains of Lebanon and Lebanon against the steppe areas of the Negev Desert in Israel and the Sinai and the Syrian-Arabian desert in the east were much less favored for Natufian solution, presumably due to both their lower carrying capacity and the company of other groups of hunter-gatherers who exploited in this region.

The houses of the Natufian are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone base. The superstructure was probably made of branches. No trace mud have been found, which became common in the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, abbreviated PPN A. The round houses have a diameter between 3 and 6 meters containing a central round or subrectangular fireplace. In Ain Mallaha traces of postholes have been identified. "Villages" can cover over 1,000 square meters. Settlements smaller have been interpreted by some researchers as the camps. Traces of rebuilding in almost all excavated settlements seem to point to a relocation frequent, indicating a temporary abandonment of the solution. Settlements have been estimated to house 100,150, but there are three categories: small, medium and large ranging from 15 square feet to 1,000 square meters of people. There are no definite indications of storage facilities.

Sedentary

A semi-sedentary life may have been possible thanks to the abundant resources due to climate over time, with a living culture of hunting, fishing and gathering, including the use of wild cereals. Tools were available to make use of cereals: flint-blade sickles for harvesting, and mortars, grinding stones, and storage pits.

Lithic

The Natufian microlithic had an industry on the basis of short blades and flakes. The microburin-technique was used. microliths geometry are lunatics, trapezoids and triangles. Sheets are supported as well. A special type of retouch (Helwan retouch) is characteristic of early Natufian. In the late Natufian, the Harif points, a typical arrowhead made from a normal leaf, became common in the Negev. Some scholars used to define a particular culture, the Harifian.

sickle blades first appear. The sample characteristic sickle-gloss are used to cut the silica-rich stems cereals and provide indirect evidence of primitive agriculture. stone shaft straighteners soil indicate the practice of archery. They are heavy stone floor mortar dish also.

Other findings

There was a rich bone industry, including harpoons and hooks. Stone and bone was worked into pendants and other ornaments. There are few human figures made of limestone (El-Wad, Mallaha Ain, Ain Sakhri), but the favorite subject of representative art seems to have been the animals. Ostrich shell containers were found in the Negev.

Subsistence

Natufian people lived by hunting and gathering. Preservation plant remains is poor due to soil conditions, but wild cereals, legumes, almonds, acorns, pistachios may have been collected. Animal bones show the gazelle (Gazella gazella and Gazella subgutturosa) were the main prey. Besides deer, bison and wild boar hunted in the steppe zone, as well as wild asses and caprids (Ibex). Waterfowl and freshwater fish are part of the diet in the Jordan Valley. The animal bones from Salibiya I (12 300 10 800 BP) have been interpreted as evidence of the hunting community networks.

Development of agriculture

According to one theory, it was a sudden change in weather, the event Younger Dryas (ca. 10,800 to 9500 BC), which inspired the development of agriculture. The Younger Dryas was a 1,000-year interruption duration in the high temperatures prevailing since the last ice age, which produced a sudden drought in the Levant. This would have endangered the wild grain, which could no longer compete with dryland scrub, but that the population had become dependent to sustain a relatively large sedentary population. By artificially clearing scrub and planting seeds obtained from elsewhere, began to practice agriculture. However, this theory of the origin of agriculture is controversial in the scientific community.

domestic dogs

Natufian sites is the first archaeological evidence of domestication of the dog is. In the Natufian site of Ein Mallaha in Israel dated to 12 000 BP, the human remains of an old and a four to five months old puppy was found buried together. Elsewhere in the cave Natufian Hayonim, humans were found buried with two dogs.

Arts

The lovers Ain Sakhri, a carved stone object in the British Museum is the oldest representation known of a couple making love. Was found in the cave Sakhri Ain in the desert of Judea. Was included in the BBC series A History of the world in 100 images Objects.View

Burials

Burials were found in the settlements, usually in abandoned pits in houses, but also in the caves of Mount Caramel and the Judean Hills. The pits were filled with garbage clearance, which sometimes makes the identification of the tomb of goods difficult. Sometimes the graves were covered with slabs of limestone. The bodies extend to the back or bending, there is no predominant orientation. There are two single and multiple burials, especially in the early Natufian, and scattered human remains in the settlements that point to disturbed earlier graves. The infant mortality rate was quite highbout third of those killed were between the ages of five and seven.

Skull removal was practiced in the Hayonim cave, Nahal Oren and Ain Mallaha. Sometimes the skulls were decorated with shell beads (El-Wad).

Grave goods consist mainly of personal ornaments, like beads of shell, teeth (red deer), bones and stone. There are pendants, bracelets, necklaces, earrings and ornaments belt as well.

In 2008, the tomb of 'priestess' a Natufian was discovered (in most media reports communication referred to as a shaman or sorcerer). Burial 50 contained complete turtle shells, which are believed to have been brought to the site and is eaten during the funeral feast.

Long distance exchange

Al Ain Mallaha (in Israel), Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile Valley have been found. The source malachite-beads is still unknown.

Archaeogenetics

According to an analysis of a sample of human remains from Natufian sites, people the region seems to have some influence in the south of the Sahara. Ricaut et al. associate these Saharan influences the dispersal of haplogroup lineages E1b1b Africa. Culture Natufian material also leaves open the possibility of some African influences.

Sites

Natufian sites include:

Syria: Tell to Abu Hureyra Mureybat, Yabrud III

Israel: Mallaha Ain (Eynan), El-Wad, Ein Gev, Hayonim, Nahal Oren, Salibiya I

West Bank: Jericho, Shuqba

Jordan, Beida

Lebanon: Jiita III, Borj el-Barajn, Saaid, Aamiq II

See also

Synopsis of major prehistoric cultures of the old world

References

^ Kottak, Conrad P. (2005). Window on Humanity: a brief introduction to the Anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 155 156 pp. ISBN 0072890282.

^ Munro, Natalie D. (2003). "Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fr Urgeschichte 12: 4771 .. http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Mitteilungen.pdf.

^ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Culture in the doorway of the Levant, to the origins of agriculture," Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159 177, doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1520-6505 (1998) 6:05 <159:: AID EVAN4> 3.0.CO, 2-7, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf

^ G Barker (2002) Transitions to agriculture and pastoralism in northern Africa, Bellwood P, Renfrew C (2002), Review of Agriculture / language dispersal hypothesis, pp 151161.

^ O Bar-Yosef (1987) Pleistocene connections between Africa and Southwest Asia: an archaeological perspective. The African Archaeological Review, Chapter 5, p. 29-38

^ ME Kislev, a Hartmann, Bar-Yosef, O (2006) Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley. Nature 312:13721374.

^ Ehret (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: A History, 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia

^ P Bellwood (2005) Blackwell, Oxford. Page 97

^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, The Natufian Culture and the Early Neolithic social and economic trends in Southwest Asia, chapter 10 Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew (eds.), Review of agriculture and language dispersal hypothesis (2002), p.114.

^ Ab "Shaman Oldest Grave Found." National Geographic 04-Nov-2008

^ Balter, Michael (2010). "Archaeology: The tangled roots of Agriculture." Science 327: 404406. 10.1126/science.327.5964.404. http://scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/sci; 327/5964/404. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.

^ ab Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). "Origins of the dog: domestication and early history." in Serpell, James. The domestic dog: its evolution, behavior and interactions with people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521415292.

^ BBC. A history the world. Sakhri Ain Lovers

^ "Archeologists discovered 12,000 years of witch serious." Daily Mail on 04-Nov-2008

^ "Hebrew U. skeleton dug up 12,000 years of 'petite' priestess Natufian. By Bradley Burston. Haaretz, 05-Nov-2008

^ Corset et al. (2005). The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and Bronze Age to European craniofacial form. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509801102. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/1/242.full.

^ Ricaut et al. (2008), "The discrete cranial traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements", Biology Humana 80 (5) :535-564, doi:. 10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535, http://www.bioone.org/doi / abs/10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535

^ Lancaster, Andrew (2009). "And haplogroups, archaeological cultures and linguistic families: a multidisciplinary review of comparisons with the case of E-M35. "Journal of Genetic Genealogy 5 (1). http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf.

Read more

Balter, Michael (2005), The Goddess and the Bull, New York: Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-4360-9

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998), "The Natufian Culture in the doorway of the Levant, to the origins of agriculture," Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 159 177, doi: 10.1002 / (SICI) 1520-6505 (1998) 6:05 <159:: AID EVAN4> 3.0.CO; 2-7, http://www.columbia.edu / itc / anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf

Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1999), "the coding information: unique Natufian objects from Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel" age 73: 402409

Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1992), Valla, Francisco R., ed, The Natufian Culture in the Glorieta East, Ann. International Monographs ISBN Prehistory, 1879621037

Campana, Douglas V., J. Crabtree, Pam (1990), "Communal Hunting in the Natufian of the Southern Levant: Social and Economic Implications" Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3 (2): 223243

Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1999), A Natural History of domestic mammals (2 nd ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63247-1

Dubreuil, Laura (2004), "The long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: an analysis wear using ground stone tools, "Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (11): 16131629, doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.04.003

Munro, Natalie D. (August-October 2004), "zooarchaeological measures of hunting pressure and the intensity of occupation in the Natufian: Implications for the origins of agriculture" Current Anthropology 45: S5 doi: 10.1086/422084, http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/munro/assets/Munro2004.pdf S6-S33.

Simmons, Alan H. (2007), The Revolution Neolithic in the Near East: the University of transformation of human landscapes of Arizona Press, ISBN 978-0-8165-6

External Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Natufian

Epi-Paleolithic (Mesolithic European) culture Natufian of Israel (The History of Ancient Middle East)

Cultural Complexity (hierarchical societies [Socio-Economic-Political inequality) in Mesopotamia: Stub] http://unix.temple.edu/ ~ Phansell/65online/lect8.htm

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