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Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia

Early
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich with three of his brothers (from left to right): Alexander, Alexei, Vladimir and Tsarevich Nicholas
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia was born in St. Petersburg on January 14, 1850 (January 4 OS). He was the son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. He was a younger brother of Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Alexander III of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich Russia and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia and was an elder brother of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was destined for a naval career since childhood. At age 7 he received the rank of midshipman. The following year, Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet was appointed its tutor. While the winters were devoted to theoretical studies during the summers he trained in the Russian warships of the Baltic Fleet stationed in the port St. Petersburg. The training was hard, but gave him the chance to get used to the different sailing vessels:
in 1860 the yacht on a cruise Shtandart Petergof to Livada [disambiguation needed]
Zabala 18611863 on the yacht under the banner of Posyet rear admiral in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia
in 1864 the frigate Svetlana in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea
Oslyabya frigate in 1866 during a cruise of a broad training in the Azores.
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich in his youth
On 18 September 1866, the Grand Duke Alexei was promoted lieutenant. He continued his career as a naval officer who served aboard the frigate Alexander Nevsky on a cruise around the Mediterranean Sea to Piraeus, where he attended the wedding of his cousin Olga Konstantinovna.
In 1868 he went on a trip to southern Russia to travel by train from St. Petersburg to Nikolaevsk [disambiguation needed], continuing by boat down the Volga to Astrakhan. He then boarded a military ship for a cruise on the Caspian Sea to Baku, [Petrovsk (now Makhachkala) and then to Iran. Then he crossed the Caucasus and arrived at the Alexander Nevsky Poti was tied. From there he sailed to Constantinople, Athens and the Azores on the return trip the frigate was involved in a shipwreck off the coast of Jutland during a storm in the North Sea. Although the ship was lost, the crew, including Alexei Alexandrovitch unhurt and could safely reach the shore.
Alexei Alexandrovich In January 1870 came of age in accordance with Russian legislation. The event was marked by taking two oaths: the military and the oath of allegiance to the grand dukes of the Russian Imperial House. In June 1870 Alexei Alexandrovich began the last part of his training. This included inland navigation in a cut with a steam engine, on the route from St. Petersburg to Arkhangelsk Mariinsk system through the Canal and the River Northern Dvina. After visiting schools and industrial facilities in Arkhangelsk, where he began his training in navigation in arctic conditions on board Variag corvette. Your cruise to the islands he Solovetsky, continuing along the White Sea and Barents Sea to Novaya Zemlya. The route followed Kola Bay and the city of Murmansk, the port Northern Norway and Iceland. Kronstadt again in late September.
Love affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya
Alexandra Zhukovskaya
In 1869/1870, Alexei had Zhukovskaya an affair with Alexandra, daughter of the poet Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky, who was eight years older than him. They were the parents of a son, Alexei, born on November 26 1871. Tsar Alexander II was very opposed to this relationship.
Some historians claim that morganatically married and that marriage was annulled by the Orthodox Church Russia, since, according to the "Fundamental Laws of the Imperial House", this marriage was illegal. However, Articles 183 and 188, which prohibits marriages without the explicit consent of the emperor, were included in the Fundamental Laws review only in 1887 by Tsar Alexander III. The rules apply in the year 1870 mornaganatic not prohibit marriage, but simply excluded their children from the succession to the throne. There is no evidence that the marriage or divorce. Nor is there evidence that Grand Duke even requested permission to marry. As Alexandra Zhukovskaya was not an aristocrat, and also the daughter of an illegitimate son of a Russian landowner and a Turkish slave, as a marriage would have been unthinkable.
Upset over the issue of his son Alexander II even refused to grant a title Zhukovskaya Alexandra, that have officially recognized paternity of the Grand Duke, but illegitimate. Other European courts also refused to grant a title. As a last action, in March 25th, 1875 Alexandra was able to secure the title of Baroness Seggiano of the Republic of San Marino, with the right to transfer title to his son Alexei and eldest male descendants. It was only in 1883 that Alexander III, the older brother of Grand Duke, Baron Seggiano awarded the title of Count Belevsky, and in 1893 adopted its coat of arms.
U.S. Tour
On board the frigate Svetlana
Travel to United States
After the visit to St. Petersburg a U.S. squadron under the command of Admiral David Farragut in 1867, a high-level visit of the Russian Navy had been expected by the Russian government. After lengthy negotiations, it was decided that the Russian delegation would be headed by Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. The official announcement of the visit was held on June 29, 1871 by Nikolay Karlovich Krabbe Minister of the Russian Imperial Navy.
The Russian fleet, under Admiral Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet on board the frigate Svetlana Bogalye includes frigates and Admiral General corvette Abrek Ignatiev and the gunboat. The Grand Duke was serving as a lieutenant on board the Svetlana. Before coming to the United States, the Russian fleet was to be fulfilled by the frigate Vsadnik of the Russian Pacific Fleet. While all ships were equipped with steam engines, the squadron made the move to the United States, primarily under sail, in order to prevent the port en route for coal supplies. Except for the Grand Duke personal staff, the team included 200 officers and 3000 sailors. The squad sailed from Kronstadt on August 20, 1871.
The first squadron was arrested in Copenhagen, where the Grand Duke paid a visit to King Christian IX of Denmark. On Channel English to the Russians were greeted by a squadron of the Royal Navy and was escorted to Plymouth, where the Grand Duke was greeted by the Duke of Edinburgh Alfredo de Saxe-Coburg. A visit to Balmoral Castle had been planned but was canceled because the Prince of Wales was very sick and extremely concerned Queen Victoria. The squad Russia set sail from Plymouth on 26 September. and, en route to New York, stopped for a few days in Funchal (Madeira), leaving on 9 October.
The Russian squad met an American squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Admiral Stephen Clegg Rowan Port of New York raised their flag on the frigate Congress. Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee, commander North Atlantic Squadron assisted with your own logo, the Severn. The other ships of the squadron were the Iroquois and Kansas attended by several tugs.
A committee Welcome was formed in New York, chaired by William Henry Aspinwall. Among the committee members were Moses H. Grinnell, General Irwin McDowell, Theodore Roosevelt, Mr. Godoy SW rear admiral, John Taylor Johnston, Albert Bierstadt, Lloyd Aspinwall, and others. After a short delay due to bad weather, the Russian fleet anchored in the port of New York on November 21, 1871, where the Grand Duke was greeted by Gen. John Adams Dix. A military parade was held in the city. The Grand Duke then attended a service thanksgiving in the chapel of Russia.
Reception by President Grant
On 22 November, the Grand Duke went to Washington by special train, as available by the New Jersey Railroad and Transport Company. The train had three cars: the "Commissioner" have all the modern improvements of a hotel including stores and pantry, "Ruby", dining room car to accommodate 28 people, with kitchen, refrigerator, and a kind of warehouse, and "The USS Kearsarge" used as sitting, sleeping and reading room.
On 23 November, the Grand Duke was greeted by President Ulysses S. Grant President Grant's wife Julia and daughter Nellie Grant also attended. Most cabinet members were present at the meeting: Hamilton Fish of the United States Secretary of State, United States Columbus Delano Secretary of the Interior with his wife, Amos Tappan Akerman United States Attorney General and his wife, George S. Boutwell United States Treasury Secretary, George Maxwell Robeson U.S. Secretary of the Navy, Gen. Frederick Tracy Dent (the president's brother-in-law and the military secretary), John Creswell Postmaster General of the United States as well as general Horace Porter and Orville E. Babcock.
The Grand Duke arrived at 1 pm in the company of Minister Katakazi, Admiral Posyet and other members of his entourage. The president and cabinet members were greeted in the Blue Room in which presentations were made. The president then accompanied the Grand Duke to the Red Room, where he was introduced to the ladies. The interview lasted only fifteen minutes, after which the Grand Duke left.
The visit to Washington was overshadowed by President Grant discontent caused by the Russian government's refusal to recall Katacazi Konstantin, Russia's minister plenipotentiary to the United States. The entire visit lasted only Washington one day. No formal entertainment was in Washington for the Grand Duke, in spite of all visits by other members of royal families of White House gala dinner was organized. These dinners had occurred when President John Tyler was François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville, when Abraham Lincoln was the Prince Napoleon Joseph Bonaparte, and yet when Ulysses Grant was Kamehameha V, King of the Sandwich Islands. The night's visit to the White House, the Grand Duke and his entourage dined at Katakazi Minister residence, the only U.S. official to attend the general class Porter. After leaving the Grand Duke asked if he intended to return to Washington. Despite who expressed interest in returning to a session of Congress, the uneasy diplomatic relations due to the Minister Katakazi prevented this. Also had expectation that a treaty of military alliance between the United States and Russia would be signed during the meeting, however this was not true.
The next day, the Grand Duke left by train from Annapolis, where he visited the Naval Academy, thereafter returning to New York.
Farragut on the covers of Hartford in the battle of Mobile Bayr> Print after the painting by William Page, presented to Grand Duke Alexei as a gift to Tsar Alexander II
The East Coast
In New York, the Grand Duke visited the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Fort Wadsworth and the fortifications on Governors Island. He also reviewed the Fire Department in Tompkins Square. A highlight was the boat trip on the Hudson River to visit the Military Academy at West Point.
Several balls were held in his honor, the most important is that the large balls in the Yard Navy and the Academy of Music. Alexei also attended opera Faust and Mignon in the Academy of Music. We also went shopping, stopping AT Stewart and the Tiffany store where you bought some bronze statues and jewelry.
On December 2, 1871, the ceremony took place at the National Academy of Design, where Grand Duke was greeted by Samuel FB Morse, William Stoddard, William Page, Albert Bierstadt and several other artists. The Farragut paint covers the Hartford in the battle of the bay Mobile by William Page was presented to Grand Duke Alexei as a gift from the citizens of New York for the Tsar Alexander II. Gen. John Adams Dix presented the image and the accompanying displacement, with a short speech in which he expressed the hope that rather than strengthen the bond that existed between the United States and Russia. The painting was placed aboard Russian-flagged ship for transport to Russia.
On December 3, 1871, Grand Duke Alexei went to Philadelphia, where he was received by General George Meade and Admiral Turner. Visited Girard College, Baird locomotive works and the Navy Yard. He was especially interested by the Fair Methodist Horticultural Hall, where the ladies presented him with a hound Afghanistan. .
December 7 to December 14, Grand Duke Alexei arrested in Boston, Massachusetts, where he stayed at the home of Paul Revere. The landau that President Lincoln rode during his visit to Boston, was prepared for the Grand Duke. He was officially received at City Hall and Government House. During his stay, the Grand Duke visited the University Harvard and the suburb of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and various public schools in the Boston area, was widely reported on the U.S. educational system. Other highlights were the battle of Bunker Hill and a visit to the shipyards of Charlestown, Massachusetts.
The Grand Duke also attended a music festival school where 1,200 children, composed by the great choir. At the festival, a grand march of welcome, specially composed by Julius Eichberg and is dedicated to Imperial Highness was presented
A ball in honor of Grand Duke was held at the Theatre of Boston. The audit of expenditure shows that the cost of the ball was $ 14,678.58 (equivalent to 750,000 today's dollars), only $ 8,916.29 to be covered by ticket sales and other income
Diversion to Canada
On 17 December, the Grand Duke left train to Canada. The first time I stopped in Montreal, where he had breakfast with the mayor of the city, then visited Lachine, Quebec then passes through Ottawa and Toronto, finally arriving at Clifton Hill (Niagara Falls) on 22 December 1871 by the Great Western Railway. On his way, the train stopped in Hamilton, Ontario, where he received a telegram from the Queen Victoria, notifying him that the Prince of Wales had recovered from his illness. Clifton Hill left the game sleds for a visit to Niagara Falls. After skin dressed with oil for fishermen at sea, the party also was at the falls. The Grand Duke and crossed the Niagara River on new suspension bridge and then visited the United States of cataracts.
Newspaper cartoon buffalo hunting Gran Duque
Visit Midwest
On December 23, Grand Duke Alexei train left Buffalo, New York, where he spent Christmas. On Christmas Day, he went to the opera to see the British Parepa-Rosa Opera Company. After the performance that sent the soprano Rosa Eufrosina Parepa-studded bracelet with turquoise and diamonds. On December 26, the Grand Duke came to Cleveland, where he visited the factories of iron and other factories in Newburgh Heights, Ohio. Then reviewed the Cleveland Fire Department and visited National Inventors Expo. He stopped in Detroit on his way to Chicago, arriving on 30 December. The city was recovering from the great fire. José Medwill, Mayor of Chicago, the Grand Duke had written:
"We but have little to exihibit but dbris ruins of a large and beautiful city and a people struggling intrepid with adversity to relieve their misery overwhelming. "
The Grand Duke visited the destroyed the city and was impressed by the pace of reconstruction. He gave $ 5,000 USD (equivalent to $ 250,000 today) in gold for the Homeless Chicago, Illinois. As an irony, the same day the Grand Duke Alexei came to Chicago, a special grand jury indicted thirteen members of the Joint City Council [disambiguation needed] on bribery charges. The Grand Duke Alexei also visited the stockyards and meat-processing plant pig.
As the Tremont House Hotel had been burned to the ground, the Grand Duke was accommodated in the New House Tremont, which had opened on Michigan Avenue, where he was awarded the "Freedom of the City." New Year's Day General Philip Sheridan was started in American custom of making "New Year calls on the ladies." From January 2 to January 4 Grand Duke Alexei visited Milwaukee, Wisconsin and arrived on 5 January St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained for over a week.
In St. Louis, Grand Duke Alexis attended a burlesque show Buebeard where Lydia Thompson an actress 36 years old, was singing a song "If I ever stop loving." It is claimed that the Grand Duke was fascinated by the actress and song. Supposedly, she had also sung the number private by Duke for an appointment. Lydia Thompson was not the only woman to call the attention of the Duke, while in St. Louis, Alexei was particularly enamored of one of his dance partners, a woman named Sallie Shannon, of Lawrence, Kansas.
Finally on January 12 came to Omaha, Nebraska
The Great Royal Buffalo Hunt
Color print by Louis Maurer (1895)
Travel to the hunting grounds
The preparations were extensive hunting and was carried out under the command of Gen. Joel Palmer. Two companies of infantry in wagons, two companies of cavalry regiment band cavalry scouts, shepherds of the night, e, cooks had been mobilized for the event.
The Grand Duke's company General Philip Sheridan, Gen. Edward Ord, and General George Armstrong Custer, the latter having been selected to be Grand Marshal of the game, came to Fort McPherson, January 13, 1872, by a special train provided by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. They were greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, headed by William Frederick Cody (aka Buffalo Bill). After the speeches, the party of the Duke set out for hunting.
The Duke and General Sheridan rode in an open carriage drawn by four horses. William Frederick Cody accompanied the party with five ambulances, a little luggage cart, three wagons of the "real champagne and spirits" and fifteen to twenty Additional saddle horses. A relay of horses was established in Medicine Creek, about halfway to the field, where the party stopped for lunch. The trip continued to they called "Camp Alex" in the Red Willow Creek. The 2d Cavalry band was in place and in tune, "Hail to the Chief" was played when the Grand Duke arrived. The entire trip covered about 50 kilometers and lasted about eight hours.
The camp consisted of two hospital shops (used as a tent high), ten tents and wall tents for officers and soldiers. Three tents were knocked down the wall and the Grand Duke was covered oriental rugs. Box furnaces and stoves are provided Sibley to the stores.
Cody had discussed the game with glue smeared, Brul Lakota chief, who had agreed meet with the boss "greatest of all the water that came there to visit." About 600 soldiers from various Sioux tribes, led by Spotted Tail, Bonnet War, Black Hat, Red Leaf, Whistler and Murderer Pawnee, gathered to greet the grand duke in the field of hunting. Had been provided with ten thousand rations of flour, sugar, coffee, and 1,000 pounds of snuff for their problems – twenty-five cars in total.
At the beginning of the game, Spotted Tail, dressed in a suit, which Is not sit well with Army belt upside down and look very strange was introduced to the Grand Duke. Then, the Indian chief extended his hand and waved to the Grand Duke with the customary "How".
For the amusement of the Indians made Alexei equestrian exercises, throwing spear and archery. Then there was a fight simulated showing the Indian way of war, closing with a grand war dance. It was noted that the Grand Duke Alexei considerable attention to a beautiful Indian maiden. Concerned that his mother, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, you may receive reports of their flirtations, he wrote from San Luis: "As for my success with the ladies of America of the much written in the newspapers, I can say openly that this is complete nonsense. They looked at me from the beginning as an animal would wild animal like a strange crocodile or otherwise. ".
However, a dispute broke out when General Custer, probably drunk too much champagne, proposals made to the tail stained crude beautiful daughter 16 years of age. Alexei was able to calm the fight with gifts of blankets of red and green, ivory-handled hunting knives and a big bag of silver dollars. A formal council was held in dozens Sheridan and a peace pipe is passed around. Spotted Tail took the opportunity to press their demand for the right to hunt freely in the south of the Platte River and more than one store in which to trade.
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich kill a buffalo with a pistol on January 15, 1872
The buffalo hunt
The big game was held at the 12th birthday of Grand Duke January 14, 1872. For hunting the Duke wore a jacket and a gray cloth trousers, heavy, decorated with green buttons bearing the Imperial Russian coat of arms. He wore boots pants off the European way, which was unusual for their American hosts. Alexei had a hunting knife in Russia and an American revolver, bearing the coats of arms of the United States and Russia on the handle it had recently received as a gift. The hunting party came to buffalo herd several miles to the Red Willow Creek. The Grand Duke William Cody celebrated rode buffalo horse "Buckskin Joe", who had been trained to ride at full gallop with a target so that the best opportunity could be done. As soon as a herd of buffalo was seen, about two miles away, Alexei wanted to charge, but was subdued by William Cody. The party moved to windward and slowly approached the herd. Within a hundred yards of the fleeing buffalo, the Grand Duke, unused to the shooting of a running horse, fired, but missed. Cody rode around with Alexei, he gave his own famous .48 caliber rifle, "Lucretia", the one with which he claimed to have killed 4,200 buffalo and advised him not to fire until the flank of the buffalo. When Alexei tried again, he pulled down his game. The skin of the dead buffalo retired carefully and clothing, the Grand Duke took home as a souvenir of their hunting in the western plains. Twenty or thirty animals died on the first day of hunting. The party returned to the camp, where a liberal supply of champagne and other drinks, and the night passed in the style of the border.
The next morning spotting asked grand hunting on the side of Lance Two, head of the Nakota Sioux tribe, so he could see a demonstration of the Indian way of hunting. Overlooking a heard of buffalo, two Lance demonstrated his ability to kill a large animal with an arrow passes completely through the body of buffalo running. The arrow is preserved and given to Alexei. The Grand Duke killed two buffalo, one in 100 steps away, with a pistol shot.
On the conclusion of the game, returning to Fort McPherson, General proposed that William Cody Sheridan take charge and show the old style Alexei stage driving on the plains with horses at full gallop. The ambulance limited by heavy rough grassland, while the occupants could hardly keep their seats. The Grand Duke Alexei was satisfied with his Hunting Trip. When he and Cody were separated Fort McPherson, Cody presented with a skin coat and expensive cuff links.
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich and General George Armstrong Custer in Topeka, at the end of the buffalo hunt
From there, the train went to Denver, where the Grand Duke arrived on 17 January. While in Denver, attended a ball in honor sponsored by the Pioneer Club and visited some mines. Alexei apparently loved the new sport that had just learned and hunted the buffalo again near Colorado Springs, on his way back from Denver over Kansas to St. Louis. However, the horses used for hunting in eastern Colorado were used saddles and the buffalo, several injured hunters during the resulting confusion. Alexei was unhurt and managed to kill as many as 25 buffaloes. Even shot a little more from the train on its way in western Kansas to Topeka, reached on 22 January. It says that for the time they reached San Luis, offer the advantage of caviar and champagne was exhausted.
General Custer became one of the best friends of the duke. He accompanied the Duke and his entourage through Kansas, St. Louis, New Orleans, and finally to Florida. Is continued correspond with one another until the death of Custer.
In the U.S., hunting is remembered as "The Great Royal Buffalo Hunt." Since 2000, the Center Hayes, Nebraska organizes the annual "Grand Duke Alexis Rendezvous" with a recreation of the buffalo hunt.
The Grand Duke Alexei received as a gift Chief Spotted Tail Wigman an Indian and a bow and arrows. The Grand Duke took them back to St. Petersburg. It is now preserved in the museum in Tver. In memory of his adventures American region, the Grand Duke has organized a special show. The actors came to a village of shops in old heavy horse-drawn carriages. In the lake palaces there were "Indians" canoes. Men with swords and axes were dancing with women dressed in long skirts old. The performance was supposed to give assistance an image of the old American West.
Southern states
While in St. Louis, Grand Duke made a brief visit to Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 26 January 28 left train from Louisville, Kentucky, where he visited Mammoth Cave continued his trip by steamboat, arriving on February 2, 1872 in Memphis New York on board the Grand Republic. After visiting the city he left on February 8 on the James Howard and after a stop in Vicksburg, finally arrived in New Orleans
Rex parade poster , 1872
Visit to New Orleans
In New Orleans, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich attended the carnival celebrations of 1872, where he was guest of honor review the first Rex parade.
There are many legends associated with the visit of Grand Duke of New Orleans. Although it has been argued that local business leaders had predicted the first day parade in honor of the Grand Duke, but this was not true. New Orleans was struggling to recover from the lingering effects of civil war. At the same time, many City leaders saw the need to bring order to the chaotic street parades of Mardi Gras. They had planned the parade along and took the opportunity to take advantage of the visit of Grand Duke. A new Krewe of prominent citizens was formed, calling itself the School of Design and its ruling would be Rex (the organization now known as the "Rex Organization). The youth group that founded the Rex Organization does not expect just to entertain the Grand Duke, but also to create a parade the day that is engaging and fun for the citizens of the city and its guests. Elected one of its members, Lewis J. Salomon, the organization to raise funds to be the first Rex, King of Carnival. Before he could begin his reign, had to borrow a crown, scepter, and robe of Lawrence Barrett, a Shakespearean actor Richard III was distinguished by the Variety Theatre.
At the same time, Lydia Thompson concert had come to New Orleans and Bluebeard was organized burlesque at the Music Academy of San Carlos Avenue. Rumors of the engagement between the Grand Duke and the actress had come to New Orleans and expanded, notably to ensure a sold out. The duke had already seen the performance and no-shows, hanging out at the Jockey Club. In addition, the Grand Duke preferences had changed and was captivated by the diminutive actress Lotta Crabtree had one of the leading roles in the novel The Detective little. Although the meeting was brief, Alexis sent a diamond bracelet, opal and pearls in Memphis, his next stop after New Orleans.
The duke yet attended the Rex parade. According to legend, the song "If ever leave of Love "was chosen as the anthem of the Rex parade, it is alleged that the Duke's favorite song. Actually, the silly song was written by George Leybourne and published in London in 1871. The song was very popular in New Orleans long before the first Rex parade in 1872. local adaptation of the letters likely was local journalist CE Hancock whose newspaper had published a parody of the song in 1871. The song's lyrics were adapted to the circumstances and changed to:
"May the great Duke Alexis
Ride a buffalo in Texas
If you ever cease to love "
The Grand Duke never rode a buffalo in Texas, but doesn rhyme Nebraska Alexis.
It is also stated that the Grand Duke also received the honor of selecting the official colors for Mardi Gras, and use of the heraldic tradition, selected purple for justice, green for faith and gold for power. The claim that these were the colors of the Romanov family, however, is incorrect.
The parade, the Grand Duke attended, bears little resemblance to present day parades. Rex rode a horse, not a float and the parade that followed was made up largely of informal masked and demonstrators. However, there were bands who stopped and played the Russian national anthem in honor of Grand Duke. However, many traditions such as the selection of Rex, King's Parade Rex anthem, the colors of the parade back to the visit of Grand Duke.
The Russian fleet sailed from Pensacola, Florida, February 22, 1872. It is claimed that hundreds of pounds frozen buffalo meat were carefully stowed on board.
While Libbie Custer, wife of General Custer, thought the Duke was much more interested in girls and beautiful music "that the country was passing, Alexei spend most of their time trying to get an understanding of the country.
Well Mission to Japan
The trip to the Far East
On his way home from the Russian team first stopped in Havana, Cuba, who reached on 29 February. At that time, Cuba was still a Spanish colony in the midst of the Ten Years' War against the insurgents, who had tried to declare independence from the island. Although the fighting was still in the western part of the island against the rebels under the command of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, the fighting did not stop the governor Blas Villate, Earl of Valmaceda to receive Grand Duke with honors. During his stay in Havana, the balls are held every night. Alexei also attended the opera Crispino e la Comare and Marta in the Great Teatro de La Habana, where, at the beginning of the play, the opera chorus sang the national anthem of Russia. The Grand Duke also visited the site Vento Canal (now called Albear aqueduct) to supply water to the city, I saw a cockfight in the city of Marianao and a bullfight in the Plaza de Torres de La Habana. In the days following also went to the valley Yumur river and the city of Matanzas
The Russian team then stopped in Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on June 3, 1872. The Grand Duke entertained Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and the imperial court Svetlana aboard. The emperor granted the Braziliam Imperial Order of Dom Pedro I. The Grand Duke was a little disappointed and said he had expected from the Imperial Order of the Rose, a lower order, because I had never seen a more beautiful object. Pedro II graciously granted two orders. From then, spent several days in Brazil, leaving on June 9.
Sailing to the Far East, the fleet stopped at Cape Town, Batavia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shanghai
Telegram sent by the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Tsar Alexander II to confirm the visit of Japanese Emperor
Japan Tour
In 15 October 1872 the Russian fleet cast anchor in the port of Nagasaki, where he was received by the governor. The Grand Duke's program includes a ceremonial dinner in his honor, visits to nearby and a tournament field of 60 top fighters in Japan. On October 22, Alexei and his team visited a small village Inasa where a colony of Russia lived. The Russian delegation visited two hotels named "Kronstadt" and "Moscow and the Russian cemetery.
The Russian squadron left Nagasaki on 24 October the next port of call to Kobe, where the Grand Duke was again greeted by the governor of the province. The Russians were surprised by the jinrikshas he saw for the first time. Used rickshaws for your trip to Nunobeki water falls in the vicinity of the city. The Grand Duke Alexei also attended a show at the local theater in Kobe.
On November 1 the Russian fleet sailed from Yokohama. The Grand Duke was greeted by Prince Arisugawa Taruhito the Daijin Daijo (Chancellor of the Kingdom), who escorted him to Edo Castle. In the castle he met Alexei Soejima Taneomi Gaimush Chief (Department of Foreign Affairs). who made the arrangements for the accommodation and entertainment of the delegation Russian. On 5 November, the Grand Duke was greeted officially by the Japanese Meiji Emperor.
Emperor Meiji, presented his portrait of a gift to the Tsar, the first time a Japanese emperor's portrait was given to a foreigner, and asked for a portrait of Alexander II in return. The Great Prince Alexeis promised to send the picture as soon as he returned St. Petersburg, and as soon as he arrived aboard the Svetlana, sent his own portrait to thank the Mikado. The continuous exchange and the next day, the Emperor sent through the portraits of his wife and mother.
On November 9, Alexei and watch the parade Mikado Japanese armed forces, and on his return to the palace, which was introduced the Empress Masako. After a few days, the Mikado, at the invitation of Grand Duke, Mikado went to Yokohama to see the Russian fleet. After the intervention of Grand Duke 34 Japanese Christians were pardoned by the Mikado and released.
On 26 November the Russian fleet sailed to Vladivostok to reach the base of the Russian Pacific Fleet December 5, almost a year and a half after it had ceased to Kronstadt. He then returned to St. Petersburg across Siberia
Palace of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Moika Embankment in St. Petersburg
Palace of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
After his return from America, Grand Duke Alexei was concerned about a residence appropriate. He bought an old building located at 122 Moika Embankment, on the St. Petersburg. The building was completely redesigned and rebuilt by the architect Maximilian Messmacher which has a total area of 9,200 square meters is considered one of the most interesting examples of eclectic architecture of St. Petersburg. The architect uses a different style for each facade. The wrought iron fence and stone surrounding the palace and its gardens are also an interesting feature. The center doors are still adorned with the monogram of Grand Duke, that was overlooked by Soviet authorities. In 1910 part of the gardens were sold for the construction of a factory candy. Although the palace was declared a national monument in 1968, remained in disrepair for many years. Today, the palace is being restored more important. Will open in December 2008 as the House of Music.
Military Career
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich general's uniform, Russian admiral
In 1873, The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was appointed head of the Imperial Guard Naval. He was also appointed to the section for shipbuilding and artillery Russian Navy Naval Technical Committee.
During the Russo-Turkish War (18771878) was promoted commander of the Russian Navy on the Danube. On January 9, 1878 was awarded the Order of St. George the Fourth Grade "tireless and successful management of the naval forces and equipment on June 14, 1877 for the construction and maintenance pontoon bridges and crossing Zimnicea, Pietroani and Nikopol and the success measures for the protection of those crossing the destruction by enemy forces. "
In 1880 he was promoted adjutant general. In 1882 after the accession of Tsar Alexander III on the throne, Alexander III, Alexei was named head of the Naval Department, replacing the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich. In 1883 he was appointed General Admiral Imperial Russian Fleet. While his control over the affairs of everyday life for the military is limited Alexei involved in naval and military planning. His influence on the Tsar gives power to take decisions on strategic decisions.
Besides being the head fleets of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich also in command of the naval cadet corps, the regiment of the guard Moscow, Ekaterinburg Infantry Regiment 37 th, 77 th Infantry Regiment Tenginsk and 17 th Infantry Regiment of eastern Siberia.
As commander in chief of the Navy, the main concern the Grand Duke was the ongoing modernization of the fleet, taking into account the rapid technological progress. During his tenure he secured a five-fold increase budget of the Navy. He was able to launch a series of warships pre-dreadnought that is replacing the old armored ships. That was instrumental in the team Russian navy warships with different kinds:
Peresviet class, inspired by the British battleship HMS Centurion.
Borodino class, based on a French design of the shipyards of La Seyne-sur-Mer
Petropavlovsk class designed Galerniy Yard, St. Petersburg
The kind of Navarino, in the British battleship Trafalgar class
Also had higher class battleships Imperator Aleksandr II, rebuilt by the Fench La Seyne patio. He also cruises new service (including that the cruiser Aurora).
The Grand Duke was instrumental in modernizing the Russian navy. rebuilt and developed military port of Sevastopol, Alexander III in Livada (Now Liepja, Latvia) and Port Arthur, the increase in the number of meters from the sea and extended the dry docks in Kronstadt, Vladivostok and Sevastopol. He also reorganized the Navy, defining the conditions for the various naval titles, development of standards for rewarding long service time of the first captains and second degree, restructuring of the Corps of Engineers, mechanical and naval engineers, increasing the number of officers and crew.
When tensions mounted in the Far East, Grand Duke Alexei ordered the transfer of additional ships to Port Arthur, including the battleship Petropavlovsk.
Russian academic and engineer Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov naval shows that, despite these achievements, there were serious shortcomings in the activity of the Grand Duke. There was no strategic planning and boats not constructed on the basis of their anticipated role within the fleet. There were also many vessels of various types. The ships were designed primarily to copy those foreign navies, and therefore technologically 67 years when it launched. His armor and equipment was often inadequate.
The Grand Duke seems to have taken consciousness of some, these weaknesses. He decided to have more than one type battleships and to have them design abroad to meet the needs of the Navy Russian. However, although the Grand Duke was an admirer of the British navy, the new battleships were designed in France and had a bad design. The new battleship Borodino tumblehome class had helmets and were unstable, which has a high center of gravity. The problems turned out to be fatal for the Russian navy.
With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese in 1904 the Russian First Pacific Squadron was able to resist the Japanese attack during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. However, the fleet was destroyed during the Battle of Port Arthur, and the Baltic Fleet, sent as reinforcement was completely defeated at the Battle of Tsushima. On June 2, 1905 operating system, the Grand Duke Alexis Alexandrovitch was relieved of his command and retired.
Life in the Russian court
The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich and Duchess of Leuchtenberg
His critics talked Alexei's life as a set of "fast women and slow boats," referring to his womanizing and defeat the Russian Army by the Japanese. This conclusion is not justified because, despite the drawbacks, their contribution to the modernization of the Russian Navy was outstanding. Away from your desk dedicated Alexei their time to the finer things in life. He entertained generously and collection of fine silver and other works of art to adorn his palace. Sometimes, she designed her own clothes. A womanizer, spent his vacation in Paris or Biarritz, each time in the company of a different lady.
Around the 1880's began an affair with the famous Duchess of Leuchtenberg, morganatic wife of one of his cousins. Born Skobelyeva Zinaida "Zina" was a woman of extraordinary beauty who was married to Eugene Leuchtenberg as his second wife in 1870. Alexander II made her Countess de Beauharnais and Alexander III the elevated Serene Highness and the Duchess of Leuchtenberg. The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was so obsessed with her that took place an open, under her husband's roof and full knowledge. Eugeni Leuchtenberg drank most of his fortune, and for years he and Zenaida lived on the generosity of her cousin. Even after the death of his wife in 1899, the Duke continued to live under the roof of Alexei.
In addition to his military duties, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was also chairman of the Commission for the Promotion of Ballet Imperial.
In 1904, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was one of the sponsors of the Tsarevich Alexei, sponsors other is the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, King Christian IX of Denmark, Grand Duke Ernest Ludwig of Hesse, the Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna, Nikolaevich Grand Duke Michael, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna. In addition, all soldiers serving in the army during the Russo-Japanese War were declared Alexei sponsors.
Death
After the murder of his brother the Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia in February 1905 and his retirement in disgrace from the Navy in June of that year, Alexei Alexandrovich spent most part of their time in a house in Paris that he had bought in 1897. At home in the Avenue Gabriel held the door open to writers, painters, actors and actresses in particular. He had always been less interested in the armed forces in art and fashion, and had long been recognized as an expert on the social, artistic and literary Paris. His body mass was a familiar sight in restaurants and theaters, especially in the first night. His last public appearance, a week before his death, was in rehearsal for a new work in vaudeville. Decades of comfort and good living finally took its toll on the Grand Duke of health. He died of pneumonia in Paris November 27 (November 14 OS) 1908. His death is said to have devastated the Tsar Nicholas II, his nephew, who had claimed as her favorite uncle Alexei. In 2006, the daily Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich was found in the National Library of Russia, along with funds Yusupov. The journal, written in English, beginning in 1862 and ends in the year 1907. Has not been published yet.
Popular culture
hunting west of the Grand Duke referred to in the film version of Maverick, starring Mel Gibson. In the film, the Duke hastened, having grown tired of the game, into thinking he has killed a Native American.
It is also described by Boris Akunin's novel "The coronation of the last Romanov" (,) where the character is presented as Georgi Aleksandrovich.
In 1973 Lucky Luke comic Le Grand Duc has a Russian Grand Duke who visits the Wild West.
Notes
Abcd ^ .. – - () –
^ Jacques Ferrand – descendance naturelles et des Sovereign Grand Dukes de Russie in 1762 1910, Paris, 1995
^ Jacques Ferrand – Les familles lncien Comtal empire de Russie, Paris, 1999
^ 1797 Emperor's fundamental laws Paul I of Russia.
Ab ^ Stanislaw Dumin – Les Romanov et la République de Saint-Marin
^ The question resolved. Confirmation of the visit of the Grand Duke to the United States New York Times, June 30, 1871
^ Grand Duke Alexis. His departure for the United States in August after mounting the Kronstadt fleet probably in Program. The New York Times, May 16 1871
Preparations for the American ^ Tour of the Grand Duke. The New York Times, June 19, 1871
^ Grand Duke Alexis. Out of His Imperial Highness Kronstadt. He is command of a Royal Squadron. The New York Times, August 21, 1871
^ The imposition of receipt of the Grand Duke Alexis in Plymouth. The English fleet tender him a imperial greeting. Festivals in the Royal Navy Club-house. The Duke of Edinburgh received its first Royal. Preparations in London for the reception of the duke. The New York Times, September 18, 1871
^ Out of the Russian fleet in New York The New York Times, September 27, 1871
^ The Russian reception. Alexis has not been reached. Dates of Madeira The New York Times October 29, 1871
^ Official Reception of Prince Alexis personal. The New York Times, October 4, 1871
^ Welcome the coming of the Grand Duke Alexis. – The New York Times, April 27, 1871
^ Honors for Alexis. A warm welcome to the Great Russian Duke. The New York Times, November 22, 1971
^ The Council of the Mary Powell. The Grand Duke of receipt by the Committee of The New York Times, November 21, 1871
^ By Mary Powell. Reception of Grand Duke The New York Times, November 22 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Departure from New York for the National Capital. A special train service throughout the visit. Enthusiastic Reception by the people of Baltimore. Box safe arrival of visitors in Washington. The New York Times, November 23, 1871
Ab ^ White House – Real and disabled under the title of 1908
^ The Great Duke pays tribute to the President. – The New York Times, November 24, 1871
^ The city of Brooklyn. Marina Grande Ball. Grand Duke Alexis honors at the Brooklyn Navy-Patio New York Times, November 24, 1871
Arriving in this city ^. The Grand Duke arrives in this city in the time schedule set for next week. The New York Times, November 25 1871
^ The Grand Duke visited the Federal Military Fortifications. . The New York Times, November 25, 1871
^ A quiet Sunday for the Grand Duke and his party. The New York Times, November 27, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Yesterday their movements, The New York Times, November 28, 1871
^ Prince Alexis. Sunday Celebrations in Honor of the Grand Duke. The New York Times, November 29, 1871
How did Alexis ^ on a shopping excursion The New York Times, November 30, 1871
^ Visit of Grand Duke. A trip to West Point The New York Times December 2, 1871
^ Opera Season The New York Times, December 2, 1871
^ Grand Duke Alexis. How did it happen time yesterday and spent the night. Admiral Farragut Image Display The New York Times, December 3, 1871
^ The Grand Duke: Philadelphia Reception at The New York Times, December 5, 1871
^ The Return of Grand Duke The New York Times, December 6, 1871
^ Duke Alexis of Boston The New York Times, December 9, 1871
Alexis ^ Views of the Boston Public Schools He asked for statistics, reports, and the Rules and Regulations of the New York Times, December 13, 1871
^ The Russian prince-How spent his second day in Boston. Data relating to the Ball The New York Times, December 10, 1871
^ Expenditure Boston ball in honor of Grand Duke The New York Times, 20 December 1871
^ Brevities Telegraph New York Times, December 15, 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Breakfast with the Mayor of Montreal The New York Times, December 16 1871
^ The Grand Duke. Breakfast with the Mayor of Montreal The New York Times, 16 decembrie 1871
^ Real Party in Niagara Falls. Telegram from the Queen Victoria The New York Times, December 25, 1871
^ Return of the Grand Duke Alexis of the Canadian Snow Your Future Movement The New York Times, December 23, 1871
^ Progress towards the west of the Grand Duke of Russia The New York Times, December 27, 1871
^ Chicago The Grand Duke and New Year's Day The New York Times, January 4, 1872
^ About Carnival
Abcd ^ Norman E. Saul – Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867-1914. University Press of Kansas, 1996, ISBN 978-0700607549
^ The Grand Duke Alexis came to Omaha The New York Times, January 13, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis hunt
^ Buffalo Hunt by the Grand Duke The New York Times, January 14 1872
^ ab Jean Day – Buffalo Hunting – The Red Devils Chapter 29
^ Grand Duke enjoyed visiting Topeka – Topeka Capital-Journal, The, May 21, 2001
^ The Grand Duke Alexis
^ William F. Cody The Buffalo Bill Cosimo Classics, 2005 ISBN978-1596056275
^ Andreas story 'of the State of Nebraska
^ Buffalo hunt in Nebraska for the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia in 1872
^ When a Romanov came a Huntin 'Grand Duke Alexis: Russia came to Kansas in 1872 to pursue the buffalo – By Bill Blankenship
^ The Grand Duke Alexis hunt
Ab ^ Walt Sehnert – The Grand Duke Alexis – McCook Daily, Monday, December 31, 2007
^ Grand Duke Alexis Quote
Abc ^
^ The Grand Duke Alexis. Redemptive Cincinnati complimentary nature. The New York Times. January 29, 1872
^ The Grand Duke will Louisville, Ky. The New York Times, January 28, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis. The New York Times, January 30, 1872
^ Movements of the Grand Duke Alexis The New York Times. 02, February 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis was in Vicksburg yesterday The New York Times, February 11, 1872
^ Arrival of the Grand Duke in the town of Crescent. The New York Times February 13, 1872
^ Errol Laborde – Mardi Gras .- History 2: Bathurst First
^ History of Mardi Gras in New Orleans
^ Ned Hmard – New Orleans Nostalgia "She was only stable master's daughter"
^ Rex King of Carnival
^ Renee Kutcher – Mardi Gras parades in www.miniature.net
^ New Orleans Know-It-All
^ The discovery of the American West
^ Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis in Havana on New York Times, March 1, 1872
^ Arrival of the Grand Duke and the Suite in Havana State Dining Room. The New York Times, March 1, 1872
^ Cuba: The Progress of the War – The New York Times, March 3, 1872
^ The Grand Duke Alexis in his Havana-Arrival and reception The New York Times, March 11, 1872
Alexis ^;. The Grand Duke Stay In Havana – the ball in the Palace – A Sunday Cock Fight – a trip to Matanzas – In The Theatre – One Week festive. The Palace Ball. Trip to Matanzas. In The Theatre. A bullfight. The Duke of output. The New York Times, March 15, 1872
^ The Alexander Palace Machine Time
^ Brazil – The New York Times, July 23, 1872
^ Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis in Cape Town. – The New York Times, August 24, 1872
^ South Africa: Visit The Grand Duke Alexis "to Cape Town ended – The New York Times, September 6, 1872
^ "Arrival of Grand Duke Alexis in Hong Kong. -The New York Times September 18, 1872
^ China: Movements of the Grand Duke Alexis. – The New York Times, October 13, 1872
^ China: The Grand Duke Alexis-The New York Times, November 16 1872
^ ab Russian Imperial State Council, 1902
^ Japan: Receiving the Grand Duke Alexis – The New York Times, December 17, 1872
^ .. –
^ Ab
^ Palace of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
^ Palace of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
^ Pepsi Nunes The evolution of the Russian Imperial Navy and Major Atlantis 1850-1917 Duke Magazine, Vol 2, 2001 NR3-4., Vol.3 2002, Nr.1
Abc ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 150
Abcd ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 151
^ Russian Romanov
^ ab Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 179
^ Journal of the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
References
Chavchavadze, David. Great Dukes. Atlantic, 1989. ISBN 0938311115
Ferrand, Jacques, Natural descendance Sovereign Grand Ducs et de Russie, in 1762 1910: gnalogique rpertoire 1995.
Nunes, Pepsi, The Evolution of the Russian Imperial Navy and the Grand Dukes 18,501,917. Atlantis Magazine, Vol 2, 2001 Nr34., Vol.3 2002, Nr.1
Van Der Kiste, John. Romanov 18181959. Sutton Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-7509-2275-3.
Zeepvat, Charlotte. Romanov Autumn. Sutton Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2739-9
Descent
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Ancestors of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia

16. Peter III of Russia

8. Paul I of Russia

17. Catherine II of Russia

4. Nicholas I of Russia

18. Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Wrttemberg

9. Sophia Dorothea of Wrttemburg

19. Federica Dorotea of Brandenburg-Schwedt

2. Alexander II of Russia

20. Frederick William II of Prussia

10. Frederick William III of Prussia

21. Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt

5. Charlotte of Prussia

22. Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

11. Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

23. Friederike Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt

1. Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia

24. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

12. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

25. Karoline of Zweibrcken

6. Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse

26. Georg Wilhelm of Hesse-Darmstadt

13. Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt

27. Luisa de Leiningen-Heidesheim

3. Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt

28. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden

14. Charles Louis of Baden

29. Karoline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt

7. Wilhelmina of Baden

30. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

15. Amalia of Hesse-Darmstadt

31. Karoline of Zweibrcken

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Grand Dukes of Russia
Generation 1
Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich Alexander Petrovich Peter Petrovich Paul Petrovitch Peter Petrovich Paul Petrovich
2 nd generation
Pedro II
3 rd generation
Peter III
4 th generation
Paul I
Fifth Generation
Alexander I Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich Nicholas I Pavlovich Michael Gran Duque
6 th Generation
Alexander II The Grand Duke Grand Duke Constantine Nicholas Nicholaevich Nicholaevich Nicholaevich Grand Duke Michael
7th Generation
Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Alexander III Vladimir Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholas Constantinovich Nicholaevich Grand Duke Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Grand Duke Nicholas Constantinovich Grand Duke Constantine Mikhailovich Grand Duke Dimitri Alexandrovich Grand Duke Paul Constantinovich Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich Grand Duke Viacheslav Constantinovich Grand Duke George Mikhailovich Grand Duke Peter Nicholaevich Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich
8 th Generation
Nicholas II, Grand George Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich Putin Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich Grand Duke Duke Great Andrés Vladimirovich Grand Duke Jean Gabriel Constantinovich Constantinovich * Grand Duke Dimitri Pavlovich * Gran Duque
9 th Generation
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
Tenth Generation
Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich **
Generation 11
The Grand Duke George Mikhailovich **
* Born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by Alexander III ukase of 1886, which limits the style to only male-line grandsons of a tsar
** Title granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
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